PLC,工业PC与DCS的特点与趋势

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目前，广泛应用于工业自动化系统的3大件是工业PC、DCS和PLC。在此，对于他们的经济技术水平和发展趋势进行叙述。
一、可编程序控制器的特点及应用
1. PLC的应用
早期的可编程序控制器(Programmable Logic Controller，PLC)，主要用来代替继电器实现逻辑控制。随着计算机技术、通信技术和自动控制技术的迅速发展，可编程序控制器将传统的继电器控制技术与新兴的计算机技术和通信技术融为一体，具有可靠性高、功能强、应用灵活、编程简单、使用方便等一系列优点，以及良好的工业环境工作性能和自动控制目标实现性能，在工业生产中得到了广泛的应用。
1969年，美国数字设备公司(DEC)研制出世界上第一台可编程控制器。早期的可编程控制器由分离元件和中小规模集成电路组成，主要功能是执行原先由继电器完成的顺序控制、定时等。70年代初期，体积小、功能强和价格便宜的微处理器被用于PLC，使得PLC的功能大大增强。在硬件方面，除了保持其原有的开关模块以外，还增加了模拟量模块、远程I/O模块和各种特殊功能模块。在软件方面，PLC采用极易为电气人员掌握的梯形图编程语言，除了保持原有的逻辑运算等功能以外，还增加了算术运算、数据处理和传送、通讯、自诊断等功能。进入80年代中、后期，由于超大规模集成电路技术的迅速发展，微处理器的市场价格大幅度下跌，使得PLC所采用的微处理器的档次普遍提高。而且，为了进一步提高PLC的处理速度，各制造厂商还研制开发了专用逻辑处理芯片，大大提高了PLC软、硬件功能。
2. PLC的特点
在发达工业国家，PLC已经广泛的应用在所有的工业部门。据“美国市场信息”的世界PLC以及软件市场报告称，1995年全球PLC及其软件的市场经济规模约50亿美元[5]。随着电子技术和计算机技术的发展，PLC的功能得到大大的增强，具有以下特点：
(1)可靠性高。PLC的高可靠性得益于软、硬件上一系列的抗干扰措施和它特殊的周期循环扫描工作方式。
(2)具有丰富的I/O接口模块。PLC针对不同的工业现场信号，有相应的I/O模块与工业现场的器件或设备直接连接。另外为了提高操作性能，它还有多种人机对话的接口模块；为了组成工业局部网络，它还有多种通讯联网的接口模块。
(3)采用模块化结构。为了适应各种工业控制需要，除了单元式的小型PLC以外，绝大多数PLC均采用模块化结构。PLC的各个部件，包括CPU、电源、I/O等均采用模块化设计，由机架及电缆将各模块连接起来，系统的规模和功能可根据用户的需要自行组合。(毕业设计 )

At present, widely used in industrial automation systems of the three large industrial PC, DCS and PLC. Here, for their economic and technological standards and development trends described.
First, the characteristics and Application of PLC
1. PLC Application
Early PLC (Programmable Logic Controller, PLC), mainly to replace relay logic control to achieve. With computer technology, communications technology and the rapid development of automatic control technology, the PLC will be the traditional relay control technology and the emerging computer technology and communications technology integration, with high reliability, strong function and flexible, Programming simple, easy to use and a series of advantages, as well as good performance of the industrial environment and control targets of performance in industrial production in a wide range of applications.
1969, the United States Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) developed the world's first programmable controller. Early separation from the programmable controller components and small and medium-sized integrated circuit component, the main function previously performed by the relay is completed sequence control, such as timing. The early 1970s, small size, strong function and cheaper microprocessors used PLC, makes the PLC function has been enhanced significantly. In terms of hardware, in addition to maintaining its original switch modules, has also increased the simulation module, remote I / O modules and special function modules all. In terms of software, easy to use PLC Electric staff in the ladder diagram programming language, in addition to maintaining the original logic functions, has also increased the arithmetic operations, data processing and transmission, communications and self-diagnostic capabilities. In the 1980's, the late, as ultra-large-scale integrated circuit technology is developing rapidly, microprocessor market a sharp price drop, the PLC makes the microprocessors used by the general improvement in grades. Furthermore, in order to further improve the processing speed of PLC, the manufacturer has developed a dedicated logic chip, greatly improving the PLC hardware and software functions.

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